401k Do’s and Don’ts: Smart Strategies as You Near Retirement

Posted on October 23, 2024October 11, 2024 by Brian Colvert

As retirement approaches, the way you manage your 401k becomes more critical than ever. With the right strategies, you can protect your hard-earned savings, minimize risks, and set yourself up for a comfortable retirement. In this Podcast, we’ll explore essential do’s and don’ts for managing your 401k as you near retirement, helping you make informed decisions about your financial future.

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1. Understand How Your Risk Tolerance Changes Near Retirement

Don’t assume your risk tolerance remains the same as you age. When you’re younger, it’s easier to take on higher risk for the potential of higher returns, as you have more time to recover from any downturns. However, as you approach retirement, you should reevaluate your tolerance for risk.

Do consider shifting towards a more conservative investment strategy. This could involve reallocating your assets to include more bonds or other fixed-income securities, which tend to be less volatile than stocks. Target-date funds, which automatically adjust your investment mix as you age, can be a convenient way to ensure your portfolio becomes more conservative over time.

2. Avoid Overly Aggressive Investments

It can be tempting to chase high returns, especially if you’re trying to catch up on retirement savings. However, overly aggressive investments can expose you to significant losses, especially if there’s an economic downturn close to your retirement date.

Don’t let short-term market trends drive your decisions. Avoid investing heavily in high-risk stocks based on recent performance. The market’s past performance doesn’t guarantee future results, and downturns can occur suddenly.

Do seek a balanced portfolio that aligns with your updated risk tolerance. Consider consulting a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ to review your portfolio and ensure it aligns with your long-term goals and timeline. This can help protect you from the emotional impulse to sell during market dips or take unnecessary risks.

3. Keep Contributing to Your 401k

Many people assume they should stop contributing to their 401k once they hit a certain age, but there are often advantages to continuing to save. The closer you get to retirement, the more crucial these contributions become.

Do take advantage of catch-up contributions if you’re over 50. These allow you to contribute additional funds beyond the standard annual limit, giving you a boost in retirement savings. Make the most of your employer’s match as well, as this is essentially free money going into your retirement fund.

Don’t assume that just because retirement is near, saving becomes less important. Every contribution counts, as it not only grows through investment returns but also helps keep you on track with your financial goals.

4. Regularly Rebalance Your Portfolio

Over time, certain investments in your portfolio may grow faster than others, leading to an unintended imbalance in your asset allocation. This can increase your risk exposure if, for instance, stocks outperform bonds, making equities a larger portion of your portfolio than originally intended.

Do rebalance your portfolio at least once a year to ensure it aligns with your target asset allocation. As you approach retirement, your target asset allocation will likely lean more toward stability and income generation rather than growth. By rebalancing, you can reduce your risk and bring your portfolio back in line with your retirement goals.

Don’t ignore market fluctuations. By rebalancing, you’re essentially selling high and buying low, which can be a disciplined approach to investing. If you’re unsure how to rebalance your portfolio, a financial advisor can help you assess and adjust your asset allocation as needed.

5. Be Cautious with Annuities

Annuities can be an attractive option because they offer guaranteed income. However, they are not a one-size-fits-all solution and can come with high fees and complex terms.

Don’t buy an annuity without fully understanding how it works and whether it’s appropriate for your situation. Some advisors may push annuities due to the commissions they receive, but that doesn’t mean it’s the right choice for everyone. Annuities can limit your liquidity and may have penalties for early withdrawal.

Do consider an annuity if it aligns with your overall retirement plan and you’re looking for a stable income source. Work with an advisor who will explain the pros and cons without a bias toward selling you a specific product. Annuities might be suitable in situations where you need a guaranteed income stream, but it’s essential to weigh the costs and benefits carefully.

6. Make Tax-Efficient Withdrawals

When you start withdrawing from your 401k in retirement, you’ll need to pay income taxes on the distributions. Depending on your total retirement income, these withdrawals could push you into a higher tax bracket.

Do plan your withdrawals strategically to minimize your tax burden. If you have other retirement accounts, such as a Roth IRA, consider taking distributions from them in a way that helps you manage your tax liability. For example, withdrawing from a traditional 401k and a Roth IRA in the same year can help you stay within a lower tax bracket.

Don’t withdraw large sums from your 401k in a single year unless necessary. Large withdrawals can trigger higher taxes and potentially Medicare surcharges. By managing your withdrawals thoughtfully, you can stretch your savings further and avoid paying more tax than necessary.

7. Consider the Role of Social Security

For many retirees, Social Security forms a crucial part of their retirement income. However, when and how you claim these benefits can significantly impact the amount you receive over your lifetime.

Do research the optimal age to start claiming Social Security based on your situation. While you can start as early as age 62, waiting until full retirement age (or even age 70) increases your monthly benefit. If you’re married, coordinating benefits with your spouse can also maximize your household income.

Don’t overlook Social Security as a part of your retirement plan. It’s essential to understand how your 401k distributions and Social Security benefits work together. A well-planned approach to claiming Social Security can help ensure you get the most out of your retirement income sources.

8. Review Beneficiary Designations

Life changes, such as marriage, divorce, or the birth of a child, may impact whom you want to inherit your 401k savings. Your retirement accounts don’t pass through your will but are instead directed by the beneficiary designations on the account.

Do periodically review and update your beneficiary designations to ensure they reflect your current wishes. This is a simple task but can prevent potential disputes or complications for your heirs. Make sure your beneficiaries are aware of their status, so they know what to expect.

Don’t assume that your will covers your 401k. Many people make this mistake and inadvertently leave their retirement savings to the wrong person. By keeping your beneficiary designations up to date, you can avoid this oversight.

9. Work with CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ (CFP)

As you get closer to retirement, your financial decisions become more complex. It can be challenging to navigate investment choices, tax implications, and withdrawal strategies without professional guidance.

Do consider consulting a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ (CFP) who specializes in retirement planning. A CFP can provide personalized advice that considers your entire financial picture and helps you create a tailored strategy for your 401k and other retirement assets.

Don’t go it alone, especially if you feel uncertain about any aspect of your retirement planning. The insights and guidance of a professional can be invaluable, particularly as you make significant decisions that will impact your future financial security.

10. Stay Informed and Flexible

The financial landscape is always changing, with new laws, products, and strategies emerging regularly. As a retiree or soon-to-be retiree, staying informed can help you make better decisions and adapt to changing circumstances.

Do continue educating yourself on retirement topics, whether through podcasts, articles, or books. Financial literacy can help you feel more in control and make informed choices.

Don’t assume that your plan is set in stone. Flexibility is essential as you move through different stages of retirement. Regularly reviewing your plan and making adjustments as needed can help you stay on track.

In Conclusion

Planning for retirement involves more than simply building a nest egg. By paying attention to these 401k do’s and don’ts in retirement, you can make smarter choices about your savings, protect your assets, and set yourself up for a more secure retirement. Remember, retirement planning is an ongoing process, and the strategies that work for you today may need adjustment in the future. By staying proactive and seeking guidance when necessary, you’ll be well-equipped to make the most of your retirement years.

Next Steps:

Ready to take control of your retirement planning? Schedule a call with us today to discuss your 401k strategy and make sure you’re on the right path for a secure and comfortable retirement.. Contact us at today .

Retirement Planning for Self-Employed Business Owners and 1099 Employees

Posted on August 14, 2024July 31, 2024 by Brian Colvert

Retirement Planning for Self-Employed & 1099 Employees – Listen to the full episode on the Podcast!

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Today we are addressing a critical topic for self-employed business owners, Independent Contractors and 1099 employees: retirement planning without a company-sponsored plan. In the absence of traditional employer benefits, it’s essential to take proactive steps. We’ll explore various retirement strategies tailored for those who must self-manage their retirement savings, including Solo 401(k)s, SEP IRAs, and other investment options.

Understanding the Challenge of Retriemtn for the Self-Employed

For business owners and 1099 employees, the lack of a company-sponsored retirement plan means taking full responsibility for your financial future. While this can seem daunting, it also offers unparalleled control over how you save and invest your money. You decide the best ways to grow your wealth and ensure a comfortable retirement.

Why Retirement Planning is Crucial

Retirement planning is about more than just setting aside money for the future; it’s about creating a stable financial foundation that allows you to maintain your lifestyle and achieve your goals without relying on income from your business or contract work. Effective retirement planning involves assessing your current financial situation, setting realistic goals, and implementing strategies to achieve those goals.

The Power of Solo 401(k)s

One of the most powerful retirement planning tools for self-employed business owners and 1099 employees is the Solo 401(k). This plan is designed for self-employed individuals and independent contractor and offers several benefits:

High Contribution Limits: Solo 401(k)s allow for significant contributions, combining employee deferrals and employer contributions. In 2024, the contribution limit is $23,000 for employees under 50, with an additional $6,500 catch-up contribution for those 50 and over. Employer contributions can bring the total to $69,000 or $76,500 for those 50 and over.
Roth Option: Many Solo 401(k) plans offer a Roth option, allowing after-tax contributions that grow tax-free. This can be particularly advantageous for high-income earners looking to minimize future tax liabilities.
Loan Provision: Solo 401(k)s often include a loan provision, enabling you to borrow from your retirement savings if needed. This feature can provide liquidity without triggering taxes or penalties, as long as the loan is repaid according to the plan’s terms.

Exploring SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs

SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs are other viable options for self-employed individuals. Both plans have their unique advantages:

SEP IRA (Simplified Employee Pension):
- Contribution Limits: SEP IRAs allow contributions up to 25% of your net earnings from self-employment, with a maximum limit of $66,000 in 2024.
- Ease of Administration: SEP IRAs are relatively simple to set up and maintain, making them a popular choice for small business owners.
- Flexibility: Contributions are flexible and can vary from year to year, which is beneficial for businesses with fluctuating income.
SIMPLE IRA (Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees):
- Employee and Employer Contributions: SIMPLE IRAs allow both employee deferrals and employer contributions. In 2024, employees can defer up to $15,500, with an additional $3,500 catch-up contribution for those 50 and over.
- Mandatory Employer Contributions: Employers must either match employee contributions up to 3% of compensation or make a fixed contribution of 2% of compensation for all eligible employees.
- Lower Administrative Costs: SIMPLE IRAs have lower administrative costs compared to 401(k) plans, making them an attractive option for small businesses.

Diversifying Your Investments

Beyond retirement accounts, diversifying your investments is crucial for financial stability. Diversification spreads risk and increases the potential for returns across different asset classes. Here are some ways to diversify:

Stocks and Bonds: Investing in a mix of stocks and bonds can provide growth and income. Stocks offer the potential for capital appreciation, while bonds provide steady income and lower volatility.
Real Estate: Real estate investments can provide rental income and long-term appreciation. Consider investing in residential, commercial, or industrial properties based on your risk tolerance and investment goals.
Private Placements: For those with the expertise and risk tolerance, private placements can offer high returns. Investing in startups or private companies can be lucrative, but it’s essential to conduct thorough due diligence.
Cryptocurrency: While more volatile, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin can be part of a diversified portfolio. It’s essential to approach this asset class with caution and only invest what you can afford to lose.

Creating a Safety Net

Building a financial safety net is critical for self-employed business owners and 1099 employees. Here are some strategies to ensure you have a cushion for unexpected events:

Emergency Fund: Maintain an emergency fund with 3-6 months’ worth of living expenses. This fund should be easily accessible and kept in a liquid, low-risk account.
Insurance: Protect your income and assets with appropriate insurance coverage. Consider disability insurance, life insurance, and business insurance to safeguard against unforeseen circumstances.
Regular Withdrawals: Establish a routine for withdrawing funds from your business or investment accounts. This ensures you are continually building your safety net and not solely reinvesting all profits back into the business.

Tax Efficiency and Planning

Effective tax planning is essential for maximizing your retirement savings when you are self-employed. Here are some strategies to consider:

Deferring Income: Take advantage of retirement accounts that offer tax-deferred growth, such as traditional IRAs and Solo 401(k)s. Contributions to these accounts reduce your taxable income in the year they are made.
Roth Conversions: Consider converting traditional retirement accounts to Roth accounts during years when your income is lower. This strategy can result in significant tax savings over time. You can further this strategy with a Backdoor Roth.
Tax-Loss Harvesting: Offset capital gains with capital losses through tax-loss harvesting. This strategy involves selling losing investments to reduce your taxable gains.
Consult a Tax Professional: Work with a tax professional to develop a comprehensive tax strategy tailored to your unique situation. They can help you navigate the complexities of tax laws and identify opportunities for savings.

Setting Realistic Goals

Setting realistic retirement goals is essential for creating a workable plan. Here are steps to help you define and achieve your retirement objectives:

Assess Your Current Financial Situation: Take stock of your assets, liabilities, income, and expenses. Understanding your financial position is the first step in planning for the future.
Define Your Retirement Lifestyle: Consider the lifestyle you want in retirement. Factor in travel, hobbies, healthcare, and living expenses to determine how much you need to save.
Estimate Retirement Expenses: Calculate your expected expenses in retirement, accounting for inflation and potential changes in your lifestyle. This estimate will guide your savings goals.
Develop a Savings Plan: Create a plan to reach your retirement goals. Determine how much you need to save each year and choose the appropriate retirement accounts and investment strategies to achieve your objectives.
Monitor and Adjust: Regularly review your retirement plan and make adjustments as needed. Life changes, market conditions, and new financial goals may require you to update your strategy.

Conclusion

Retirement planning for self-employed business owners, independent contractors and 1099 employees may lack the convenience of a company-sponsored plan, but it offers the advantage of complete control over your financial future. By leveraging tools like Solo 401(k)s, SEP IRAs, and SIMPLE IRAs, diversifying your investments, creating a safety net, and planning for tax efficiency, you can build a robust retirement strategy. Set realistic goals, stay disciplined, and regularly review your plan to ensure a secure and comfortable retirement. Taking these proactive steps will help you achieve financial peace of mind, knowing you have a well-thought-out financial plan for your future.

Next Steps:

Ready to set up your plan or have questions? Schedule a call with us today!

Understanding the SWAPA Market-Based Cash Balance Plan

Posted on August 9, 2024December 17, 2024 by Nick Coleman

If you’re a Southwest pilot, you recently received many needed changes to your benefits package through the Contract 2020. The introduction of the SWAPA Market-Based Cash Balance Plan (MBCBP) has piqued the interest of many Southwest pilots. As a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™, I’ve had the privilege of working with over 50 pilots, just like you, helping them get on the right track to a successful financial life and retirement as their Fiduciary advisor. My specialization in Southwest pilot benefits helps me to guide you in maximizing your career earnings, benefits, and wealth.

HOW THE SWAPA MARKET-BASED CASH BALANCE PLAN WORKS WITH YOUR CURRENT PLAN

The Market-Based Cash Balance Plan allows you to increase your retirement savings without increasing your current taxes. Once you maximize your 401(k), the 17% contribution from Southwest will then spillover into the MBCBP, on top of contributing 1% of your salary into the MBCBP, and then 2% of your salary starting in 2026 if you spillover or not.

Many pilots are running into the issue of maximizing their 401(k) and wanting other ways to save for retirement. The MBCBP is the benefit that will solve this issue. The MBCBP allows Southwest’s 17% “spillover” contributions to go into a pre-tax retirement account rather than be given to you via taxable check. The spillover occurs when you reach either the 415(c) Limit or the 401(a) Limit.

The 415(c) Limit sets the total cap on contributions to your 401(k) from both your employee and employer contributions. For individuals under 50, this limit stands at $69,000, while those 50 or older have a total limit of $73,500. Meeting this limit can occur when maximizing your employee 401(k) contributions, which are:

$23,000 for individuals under 50
$30,500 for those aged 50 or older

This means that you can contribute the $23,000 or $30,500 (50 years+) to your 401(k) and Southwest will contribute 17% of your salary up to the total limit including your contribution of $69,000 or $73,500 if 50 years +.

The 401(a) Limit limits the amount of salary that can be considered that Southwest can contribute their 17% to. In 2024, this limit is set at $345,000. Southwest can only contribute 17% of your salary up to $345,000. If your salary exceeds this amount, Southwest’s 17% contribution will spill over to you (or the MBCBP). For example, if your salary reaches $445,000—$100,000 over the limit—this excess 17% translates to $17,000 as spillover into the MBCBP.

BENEFIT OF THE SWAPA MARKET-BASED CASH BALANCE PLAN

So, what exactly is a Cash Balance Plan? It serves as a retirement account, much like your 401(k). However, it has the capacity to hold a more significant sum for retirement than traditional retirement accounts. While a 401(k) is constrained by an annual limit—$69,000 or $73,500 if 50+ in 2024, for instance—a Cash Balance Plan can theoretically accommodate contributions of up to $300,000 annually. This account operates differently from a 401(k). It follows a “Defined Benefit” model, allowing for higher contributions to support specific benefits, such as an annual pension.

The Market-Based Cash Balance Plan is a deferred plan, meaning you don’t pay taxes on company contributions or growth within the account. Instead, taxes are paid when you withdraw funds during retirement, aligning with your income tax level at that time. This structure can be advantageous, as it doesn’t increase your taxes while working, potentially leading to lower lifetime taxes.

Regarding investment management, SWAPA Cash Balance Plans prioritize a “reasonable return” within strict ERISA and IRS guidelines to safeguard the defined benefit. As such, investments in the MBCBP aren’t subject to individual choices but rather managed collectively by a committee. Upon retirement, you have the flexibility to roll over the MBCBP into an IRA. This will grant you greater control over investment decisions. You also have the option to take a pension from the account. The pension amount is based on the value of the MBCBP, when you take your benefit, and if you elect to have survivor benefits as a feature to your pension. Determining if taking the pension or the lump-sum transfer into an IRA can be a decision that can have a major impact on your retirement. Discuss with a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER on which option might be best for your retirement strategy.

A limitation with the Southwest Cash Balance Plan is that you as an employee cannot contribute to the account. It is only funded by the employer via the 1% contribution (2% in 2026) and any spillover above the 415(c) or 401(a) limits.

IS A MARKET-BASED CASH BALANCE PLAN RIGHT FOR YOU?

Should you consider using the SWAPA Cash Balance Plan? If you want to save more for retirement, especially as retirement draws nearer, it could be a valuable tool. Are you worried about paying too much in taxes and do not need the extra cash? This could be an advantageous option for you. If you want to increase your current income to pay for current bills and goals, you may want to continue using the cash spillover.

OTHER OPTIONS TO MAXIMIZE YOUR RETIREMENT STRATEGY

Additionally, you can maximize your 401(k) contributions further by taking full advantage of your personal contribution limit:

$23,000 for individuals under 50
$30,500 for those aged 50 or older

By doing so, you not only bolster your retirement savings but also may enjoy significant tax benefits. Contributions are tax-deductible, potentially leading to substantial tax savings.

Furthermore, you may consider diversifying your retirement savings by exploring Tax-Free retirement options like the Backdoor Roth IRA Conversion. This strategy can help you build tax-free retirement income while avoiding Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs).

NEXT STEPS

To ensure you’re making the most of your 401(k) and SWAPA benefits, consider discussing your retirement goals with a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER who specializes in helping pilots plan for retirement. I’ve worked closely with many pilots, helping them get on the right track to a successful retirement and financial life, and I’m here to help you achieve your financial goals and maximize your benefits and wealth.

Let’s have a conversation about your financial goals and explore the strategies that can help set you on the path to financial freedom and a prosperous retirement. Set up a free consultation call today to learn more about how we can help you!

Looking for information about the United Pilots Cash Balance Plan? Read more on that here!

Navigating Retirement Contributions: Demystifying 401(a) and 415(c) Limits

Posted on September 19, 2023April 26, 2024 by Nick Coleman

Retirement planning isn’t just about saving; it’s about mastering the rules of the game. If you’re a high-flyer working for a major airline, you’ve probably heard about the 401(a) and 415(c) limits – but do you truly understand how they can help supercharge your retirement savings? Let’s break down these limits, unravel the intricacies, and set you on the path to maximizing your retirement nest egg.

What is the 401(a) limit?

The 401(a) limit caps the amount of money your employer can contribute to your 401(k), as described by a salary limit. That salary limit for 2024 is $345,000. This means when your employer is contributing to your 401(k), they are going to contribute XX% of your salary up to $345,000 of your salary.

For example, if United contributed 16% of your salary into your 401(k), the most they will add is $55,200 ($345,000 X 16%). If your salary is higher than $345,000, they can no longer contribute to your 401(k), and this is where the money may spill over.

Some more senior pilots may have a salary higher than salary limit. In this case, they will get the maximum amount allowed from their employer. If your salary is under that, you don’t have to worry about that limit. However, both pilots will have to pay attention to the next limit, called the 415(c) limit, which will limit what you and your employer contribute as a total limit.

401(a) Limit: Your Key to More Employer Contributions

The 401(a)(17) compensation limit, nestled within the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, is your golden ticket to getting your employer to pump more money into your 401(k). This limit caps the portion of your earnings that counts when determining contributions to specific retirement plans, including beloved options like 401(k)s and defined benefit pension plans.

Now, the real magic happens when you align your contributions with the 401(a) limit. This strategic move can lead to a larger employer contribution to your 401(k), leaving you with more take-home dollars. The aim is to maximize your 401(k) without hitting the cap too soon or spilling over.

415(c) Limit: The Sibling of 401(a)

But wait, there’s more! The 415(c) limit, or Section 415(c) limit, is another player in this retirement savings game. This provision in the tax code sets the annual ceiling on contributions or benefits allocated to an individual’s retirement account within qualified plans, spanning 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and pensions.

These limits aren’t etched in stone; they evolve yearly to keep up with inflation and economic shifts. For the most current numbers, consult the IRS or your trusted tax advisor when making retirement contributions.

Making Sense of 415(c): Real-Life Scenarios

Let’s dive into real-life scenarios. Imagine you’ve maxed your contribution at $22,500. Your employer can contribute up to $43,500. If your salary is $280,000 and your company matches 16%, that’s a generous $44,800 from your employer. However, there’s a $1,300 spillover due to the 415(c) limit. In this case, you could reduce your contribution to $21,200 and still receive the full $44,800 employer contribution, reaching a total of $66,000.

Now, what if you’re 50 or older and want to hit the max of $73,500, including a $7,500 catch-up contribution?

401(a) at Play: Maximize Your Employer’s Share

Here’s a twist – you can contribute only the catch-up amount to your 401(k) if your employer’s contributions have already filled your account to the max. Say you earn $345,000, and your employer contributes 16%, giving you $55,200. If you’re under 50, you can add $13,200 to reach the $66,000 cap. If you’re 50 or older, it’s an extra $20,700 to hit the $73,500 limit. Fascinatingly, neither scenario requires you to max out your employee limit of $22,500 plus a $7,500 catch-up.

Crunching the Numbers for Your Benefit

To make the most of these limits, a little number-crunching and projection are in order. Consider your salary history and estimate future earnings to create a strategy that maximizes both your contributions and those from your employer.

Why does all this matter? Because it’s your gateway to getting more money into your 401(k), rather than spillover accounts. And the more you get in now, the better your financial future will look in retirement.

Beyond 401(k) – The Backdoor Roth Conversion

But our journey doesn’t end here. For our high-earning clients in the airline industry, we’re here to uncover your financial dreams and set you on the right track. One exciting strategy to explore is the Backdoor Roth Conversion. This allows you and your spouse to stash away $6,500 each per year, or $7,500 each if you’re 50 or older, in addition to your 401(k) contributions. It’s a powerful way to build a pool of tax-free retirement dollars.

In a nutshell

In real-life scenarios, these 401(a) and 415(c) limits offer opportunities for fine-tuning your contributions. By making thoughtful adjustments to your contributions, you can leverage your employer’s contributions and, if you’re 50 or older, take advantage of catch-up contributions. Ultimately, these limits are the building blocks of a more secure financial future in retirement. The more you invest wisely within these boundaries, the more comfortable and stable your retirement years will become. So, remember, it’s not just about accumulating savings; it’s about understanding and utilizing these financial limits to secure your financial well-being in retirement.

What We Can Do for You

As a Certified Financial Planner and Fiduciary Financial Planner, we partner with over 50 pilots just like you, helping them discover their financial goals and chart a course to success. We can help you navigate 401(a) and 415(c) limits. Those who work with advisors or have done so in the past often have at least double the retirement savings of their peers, sometimes even more. Your financial future deserves expert guidance – let us help you soar towards your retirement dreams.

Set up a free consultation call today to learn more about how we can help you!

Colorado Secure Savings Mandate – What you need to know

Posted on May 17, 2022April 26, 2024 by Brian Colvert

What business owners need to know about Colorado Secure Savings Act

In 2020 Colorado passed the Colorado Secure Savings Program. This law mandates that small business owners enroll in a state-run retirement savings plan. The pilot program launched in October 2022 and employers throughout Colorado are now required to comply.

The purpose of this mandate is to increase access to retirement savings for workers in Colorado. The Colorado Secure Savings Act mandates that qualifying employers provide an employer-sponsored individual plan. The cost of this program will be funded through auto payroll deductions.

In general, this seems like it will have positive benefits for employees. However, it may create additional burdens for employers and may in fact limit employees’ options. Here is what small business owners need to know about the Colorado Mandated Small Business Retirement Plan.

Who needs to comply:

The Colorado General Assembly states that you, as an employer, will be required to implement this program if:

You have five or more employees
Have been in business for two or more years
Don’t have an existing qualifying plan

Companies already offering 401ks or other qualified savings plans are not required to use the Colorado Secure Savings Program. The law states that employers with less than 5 employees or who have not yet been in business for 2 years will not be required to participate. However, they will have the option to offer the program to their employees.

What needs to be done:

While there is limited guidance at the moment from the State of Colorado, employers will be required to offer auto-enrollment and facilitate payroll deductions into the program.

Upon enrollment, employees will opt into the default savings rate for Colorado Secure Savings, which is 5% of their gross pay. Beyond this, deferral rates may vary depending on how much you want to save each year. In addition, age, marital status, and income play a role in the amount that employees can contribute.

However, employees will be able to change their contribution amount or opt-out if desired.

As it is written so far, employers will have 14 days to send employees’ contributions to the program administrator. The program oversight will be done by the board of the Colorado Secure Savings Program. The board is currently chaired by the Colorado State Treasurer. This board will be making a process for withholding employees’ wages and remitting withheld amounts into their Colorado Secure Savings account. It’s not yet clear if the program will offer any integrations with payroll providers to facilitate the timely deposit of contributions.

Penalties for noncompliance:

Fines can be costly. For non-compliance, fines will be $100.00 per employee per year and can ratchet up to $5000.00 annually. The compliance period is one year after implementation.

However, they do state they plan to create a grant program to incentivize compliance. Yet no further details have been released. The good news is it’s really easy to comply by setting up a 401k plan or another qualified plan in advance. Keep reading on to find out how.

General Concerns:

There is little to no guarantee of the level of quality or support that will be available to business owners from the state in implementing and managing the Colorado Secure Savings Program. The government has not released any real guidelines. There are some basics, but how is still very undefined.

Further, if a company offers the state-run plan many of their higher income employees will be excluded. Employees with a Modified Adjusted Gross Income of more than $139,000 or $206,000 married filing jointly cannot participate.

As we wait for more details it’s not a bad idea to consider all the various plan options available to you and your company.

State Sponsored vs Employer Sponsored

There are a handful of states that currently have state mandated plans in place. California, Oregon, and New York are a few for instance. State sponsored plans have pros and cons, which business owners should carefully weigh. On one hand, government-mandated plans are generally a cheap solution with few fiduciary implications. On the other, these plans tend to be inflexible, one-size-fits-all. Plus they come with potential government penalties.

State sponsored retirement plans:

Roth IRA Investment structure (after-tax)
The state board selects investments
The plan will “travel with” people if they change jobs or leave the state
Excludes higher income employees
No employer contributions
No federal tax credits for employers
Creates a significant burden for the employer

As an alternative, an employer sponsored 401k or other qualified plans may be a better option than having the state do it for you. A common misconception is that employer sponsored plans are expensive. However, that simply isn’t the case. Many plans are now being tailored for smaller companies. Plus, the IRS gives tax credits to firms with fewer than 100 employees for some ordinary and necessary costs of starting an employer sponsored plan.

Employer Sponsored 401K plans:

Allow an employee to make contributions either before or after-tax, depending on plan options
Wide range of investments at various levels of risk chosen by the employer or by an advisor
Employee may direct their own investments
Higher Annual Salary Deferral Limit
No employee income limits
Allows for employer contributions
Federal tax credits for the employer for start-up and admin costs and employee education

In addition, offering an employer-sponsored plan to your employees may increase your company’s competitiveness in the job market. It could also help you retain valuable staff. Plus, you and other company leaders can participate.

If you work with a payroll services provider, the software can easily and automatically transfer employees’ funds, making the procedure effortless. Additionally, private plans typically come with the support of financial advisors. Moreover, a financial advisor can help regarding plan types and how best to implement them for your business.

Clearly, adding a 401k or other qualified plans to your company’s benefits package has strategic advantages. Yet, by not providing your employees with a retirement plan, you risk having the state impose one.

Do State-Run Plans Even Work?

Time will tell. However, Oregon, the first state to legally mandate a retirement plan, has pretty dismal enrollment numbers. Since its inception in 2018, only 114 thousand workers have enrolled out of a potential of over 1 million total.

Using Oregon again as an example, there are a lot of restrictions. First, the percentage contribution is fixed. Second, the employee’s first $1,000 gets put into a stabilization fund that since its inception has earned 1.52% per annum, or basically 0%, Or less after factoring in inflation. Finally, if and when they have more than $1,000 invested, they must decide between a fund that is a mixture of stocks and bonds and one that is invested entirely with the State Street Equity 500 Index Fund. (03/31/2022)

By comparison, in the private sector, there are multiple low-cost, exchange-traded funds, most of which averaged an annual return of over 10% during the most recent 10 year period. Some would argue that directing employees away from these superior investment products arguably does a disservice to the employees.

Sample Administrative Duties

Further, Oregon has demonstrated what a significant burden the plan can be on employees. Here is a short list of employer duties that Colorado will likely have as well.

Submit an employee census annually
Track eligibility status for all employees
Provide enrollment packets to all employees 30 days after date of hire
Plus, track whether each employee has opted in or out
If an employee doesn’t opt out within 30 days, set up 5% payroll deduction
Manually auto-escalate all employees annually unless they’ve opted out
Repeat auto-enroll process annually for all employees who have opted out
6-month look-back for auto-escalation:
- Track if the employee has been participating for 6 months with no auto-escalation
- Provide 60-day notice if they do not opt-out again
Hold open enrollment
Auto-enroll anybody who hasn’t been participating for at least 1 year

It’s too early to know whether state-run programs work. After all, Saving for retirement is a marathon, not a sprint. As an employer, it is important to weigh all options.

What Are Alternatives to the Colorado Secure Savings Program?

If you do not already have an existing plan, and you are skeptical about a government-mandated plan, you can always make your own employer-sponsored plan. Bonfire Financial has many 401k, Simple IRA, and SEP IRA options. We provide affordable, hassle-free solutions that will reduce the administrative burden.

Colorado Secure Savings vs Retirement Plan with Bonfire Financial

How can my business establish its own retirement plan?

Above all, retirement plans don’t have to be expensive or difficult to manage. In light of Colorado’s rollout of the Secure Savings Plan, we are offering small business owners and employers a free, no-obligation call with a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ to help answer all your questions. We can help you create a better, more efficient retirement plan that is tailored to you and your employee’s specific needs. We are local in Colorado Springs and are here to help with all your retirement plan needs.

SMALL CHANGES, BIG DIFFERENCES IN YOUR RETIREMENT PLAN

Posted on January 29, 2021December 20, 2024 by Nick Coleman

The Power of 1%

How Small Changes Can Make Big Differences in your Retirement Plan

We have all heard that something – something 1% more, or something-something 1% better every day will have a massive effect on your life over the long run. How small changes can make big differences. It makes sense, if you could mathematically make yourself 1% better or more each day, you will be significantly better than you were at the beginning of the month or beginning of the year. It is a worthy pursuit. But it is very hard to calculate unless you are talking about running miles or lifting weights.

The concept is that a small change over a long period of time will have a massive impact on you and your life if done for a long time. This can be applied to so many things. Even an aircraft that is 1 degree off will land in a very different location than what was scheduled. But today I want to apply it to your financial life. Specifically, your 401k or retirement plan.

The “Power of 1%” is a motivational abstraction, why would I want this idea applied to a boring, old 401k plan? Because just 1% could make a massive difference in your life. These small changes can make big differences in your retirement plan. This one concept could make your retirement and life unimaginably better, and totally change the way you grow your wealth. Just 1% can be the difference between barely scraping by, to being a comfortable millionaire.

The true key is to simply increase your 401k contribution by 1% at the beginning of the year, each year.

Let’s talk about how.

You have a 401k retirement plan and let’s say you are saving a decent amount of your money at 5% of your income, and your employer is either matching your contribution or putting in a percentage of your salary, depending on where you work.

Let’s take three pilots for this example, each in different stages in their career. 1. Rookie 2. Senior FO 3. Fully Tenured Captain that was flying bi-planes back in the day (joking). Pay will remain the same for easy math.

The Rookie makes $100,000 per year and is deferring 3% of his salary each year. In 5 years he would have put away $15,000 into his 401k. 3% seems like a lot, but over 5 years, that is only $15,000 for his retirement. Now let us see what would happen if he increases his deferral by just 1% each year. If he starts at 3% and increases each year by 1%, he will be at 7% (Year 1 was 3%) and over that time he would have contributed a total of $25,000! That is an extra $10,000 or 67% more than what he was normally doing.

The Senior FO makes $250,000 per year and is deferring 5% into his 401k each year. When he retires in 10 years, he would have contributed $125,000 into his 401k. Not bad! But if he plans to retire, he should definitely do more. If he increased his contribution just 1% each year for 10 years, He would add $216,500 over his time, almost twice as much if he stuck with the 5% rate. Remember, you can only max out your side of the 401k contributions up to $19,500 each year, plus another $6,500 if you’re 50 or more, which is the case here. But you can always take that money and put it somewhere else. (Hint, hint Backdoor Roth Conversions) Here is the example:

The last person is a Captain that will be retiring in 3 years. He has 3 years to put away as much money as possible. His salary is $350,000. He will need to put away 8% of his salary in order to meet his max of $26,000. Since he doesn’t have a lot of time to scale up every percent, he should just try to contribute as much as possible before he retires. If he maxes out, he will have $78,000 over 3 years! The more you can contribute to your 401k the better life will be.

The Tale of Two Pilots

Now let’s look at another example of how small changes can mean big differences in your retirement plan.

David and Susan both went to Metro State University to be pilots. They both were very good students, graduated from school, both worked for a regional liner and they just started flying for the same major airline. David loves to snowboard, vacation around the world, and party. He says “As long as I’m covering my financial bases, I can do the things I enjoy.”

Susan loves to ski, read books, and spend time with her family. Living a comfortable life is important for her and she wants to make sure she can do the things she enjoys in the future.

On their first day, they sit down with HR, and they are asked how much they want to start deferring in their retirement plan. David, whose friend told him to defer as much as he can, announces he will start with 5% of his $150,000 salary going to his 401k. When Susan sits down with HR, she says she can’t defer any dollars into her 401k because she wants to finish paying her student loans first. But she promises next year she will start with 1% of her $150,000. And the next year, 2% and so on.

At Year 10, they both start getting paid $250,000. And at Year 20, they are making $300,000.

25 years later, after they both have amazing and fulfilling careers, they bump into each other at the DIA breakroom! “Wow!” They say for they haven’t seen each other for a long time. After a while of catching up, they talk about their retirement accounts.

David smiles and boasts “I’ve been saving 5% of my salary since the first day I got here, and now I have saved $282,500 of my salary” as he calculates in his Excel spreadsheet:

“Very impressive!” Says Susan, as she tabulates how much she has saved. She started saving with nothing, but she promised she would increase her contribution by just 1% each year. After she does some math, she shows David how much she has saved. Smug David leans forward and stares, mouth open, at the numbers from Susan’s tablet…

“You saved $439,500?! Wow! I thought you said you were doing none, how did you beat me? That’s almost twice as much as I’ve saved, and I’ve been doing 5% my entire career!”

“Slow and steady wins the race” Susan smiled.

Just a small change can make a huge difference in your retirement plan. And just because you start off slow doesn’t mean you’re out. Don’t get discouraged, just try to be 1% better. Like Susan!

What’s Next?

If you are just starting out or in your mid-career, increasing your retirement plan contributions by just 1% this year will have a huge impact on your retirement accounts and life. This doesn’t even factor in the potential increased growth that your account could receive. Lastly, your salary regularly increases with inflation, usually around 2% to 3% each year. If you just took 1% from that, you would hardly notice the change in your cash flow.

This strategy is something relatively new but is gaining more traction among plan sponsors and large companies. Many of them are automatically enrolling employees into automatically increasing their deferral, or at least strongly encouraging that their employees increase their 401k contribution each year. Hopefully, these examples have made it clear the importance of growth for your retirement.

Do you have a financial plan? Please reach out for a complimentary discovery meeting with our CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNERS™ to help give you a clear path to a successful story. Susan would 🙂

UNITED AIRLINE LAYOFFS – WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE LAID OFF

Posted on July 15, 2020December 20, 2024 by Nick Coleman

United Airline Layoffs

Economic downturns often hit the airline industry harder than most. Once again, the airline industry has been grounded by the pandemic and the corresponding economic conditions. As such, layoffs are looming. United Airlines announced it will be laying off thousands of employees, estimated to be 36,000 by October 1, 2020. Additionally, United Airlines said the jobs of more than 14,000 employees are at risk when federal aid expires in the spring of 2021. These layoffs could affect everyone from customer service employees, flight attendants, to pilots. Many other airliners may follow suit.

The fallout from 9/11 and the impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis took the airline industry roughly 2-3 years to recover. It is hard to say how long the coronavirus impact will last or how it will all turn out.

If you are worried you might be one of the airline employees to be laid off or already have been, there are many concerns you may have. From how to pay bills, to how long will this last, to how to keep medical insurance and benefits… the list goes on.

What should I do if I am laid off?

We have put together some tips, ideas, and strategies to help you get through this tough situation.

Covering your living expenses

Being able to cover your living is by far the most important question and concern. There are a number of strategies to help navigate this and there are also some new provisions from the CARES ACT that can help if you are a United Airline employee who has had to face the layoffs.

Your emergency fund

An emergency fund is a savings account or separate account that is set aside for when the unexpected happens, like being laid off. We recommend that our clients have 3-6 months of their monthly expenses saved in this kind of account. The goal is to use this money to pay for your mortgage, food, etc. It is designed to help you bridge the gap of unemployment to your next job or getting rehired when things recover.

One often-overlooked task is once you are employed again to refill your emergency fund. This account can help you in a tough situation but be sure to replenish it to ensure it is there for the next time something unexpected comes up.

If you do not have an emergency fund in place, read on for some other ideas that can help.

Claiming unemployment

If you received a WARN, it is important to start planning ahead now. You can now qualify for weekly unemployment payments from the state in which you worked. Many people fly out of a hub that is different from the state that they live in. When applying for unemployment, use the state that you work out of. Selecting reason for unemployment: “Coronavirus” can streamline the paperwork process. A quick Google search of your state and unemployment will land you on the right page. Look for “.gov” in the address.

Mortgage Forbearance

Mortgage Forbearance means you can postpone your mortgage payment temporarily. For 180 days you can request a forbearance from your mortgage lender. If granted it means you will not have to pay your mortgage for about 6 months. However, this is not mortgage forgiveness. You still owe the full amount and interest still accrues on the months you do not pay. You will need to work out the details and repayment plan with your lender as each situation is different. Per the CARES Act, no additional fees or penalties will be applied if you require forbearance.

Retirement Account Withdrawals

Taking a distribution or withdrawal from your 401(k) should be a last resort. The money in your 401(k) is meant for your retirement. However, with the intensity and impact of the United Airline layoffs caused by COVID-19, the CARES Act has set up many relief options.

Traditionally, you could not access your retirement account before the age of 59 1/2 without having to pay a 10% penalty and income tax. The CARES Act has waived this 10% penalty. Since all retirement accounts (Roths excluded) are funded with pre-tax dollars and the income tax is normally due in the year of a distribution.

The CARES act has allowed distribution in 2020 up to $100,000 be taken out and the taxes are due over the next 3 years. For example, if you take out $90,000 from your retirement account, you will have to pay tax on $30,000 in 2020, $30,000 in 2021, and $30,000 in 2022. That is much better than having to pay all $90,000 in 2020. The money will come out of your account’s investments pro-rata, so if you have half your money in large-cap stocks and half in small-cap stocks, the money will be sold in them equally to fund the distribution.

401(k) Loan

Taking a loan from your 401(k) is not a good idea because you will be taxed on the distribution, and you will have to repay the loan. There could potentially be many more downsides to taking a loan rather than just distributing the money. If you are furloughed or leave the plan, you will be subjected to a faster repayment schedule.

If you take out a loan, you will be taxed on the loan amount, plus you will have to use after-tax dollars to pay back the loan. In the grand scheme of things, once you repay the 401(k) loan, you will still be subjected to income tax when you take the money out when you retire. So you will be taxed TWICE on the money, instead of just at the distribution.

Miscellaneous Items

Many car manufacturers are offering payment deferrals during this time. If you are unable to make payments comfortably on your car, be sure to reach out to your car’s manufacturer finance department to discuss payment options. Many newer cars (2018 or newer) will have more generous payment options than older vehicles.

Also, a voluntary separation could be a good idea if you are close to retirement. The benefits of the United Airlines Retirement Health Account (RHA) can help you pay for medical insurance.

What about my Benefits if I am laid off??

United Airline layoffs are hard enough, luckily you can retain certain benefits. For instance, health insurance, RHA, and you’re retirement accounts can still provide you benefits.

Health Insurance

COBRA is a government bill that lets you keep your medical insurance with your company for up to 3 years. You will have the same coverage and plan, except you will have to pay 100% of the premium (plus a 2% premium for administration costs for a total of 102%) Look at your most recent pay stub to see how much you and your employer were paying for medical insurance.

Retirement Health Account

Your Retirement Health Account (RHA) is a unique account granted directly to United from a private letter ruling with the IRS. The RHA is used to pay for out-of-pocket medical expenses and health insurance premiums when retired, furloughed, or separated from service. The RHA can also be used to pay for your COBRA premiums. Click here for more details on how to use your RHA.

401(k) and Retirement Investments

There are some options you can choose to do with your 401(k) when you have faced a layoff.

You can keep it with the company. Nothing will change as you will have the same investment options and access.
You can withdraw the money, as we mentioned above. However, this is not the best action to take if it can be avoided.
You can roll your money into an IRA. There are no taxes on this move, and it can give you more investment options and control of your money.

Our preference is to roll your 401(k) over into an IRA so that you have better access to your account while avoiding the administration and investment fees from United, Fidelity, or Charles Schwab. We can build you a custom portfolio based on your needs and our custom investment research for a fee typically lower than your Fidelity and Charles Schwab 401(k) options.

Our expertise is working with pilots and aircrew in providing them the best investments through our relationship with Charles Schwab. Leveraging our partnership with Charles Schwab we can build you a custom portfolio in your PCRA.

What’s Next?

We can help you navigate one of the most difficult times the airline industry has ever faced, and that is really saying a lot! We work with many pilots, crew members, and their families and help them prepare for a successful retirement and reach their financial and life goals.

Bonfire Financial is a fiduciary, fee-only, financial advisor. We have a staff of Certified Financial Planners™ that specialize in helping United Airline Employees and Pilots.

As a United Airlines or major airline employee, we would like to offer you a free consultation to help answer any questions you may have and help you get a game plan in place. Schedule your call now.

ROTH 401K OR TRADITIONAL 401K

Posted on August 12, 2019December 20, 2024 by Nick Coleman

Roth 401k or Traditional 401k?

The 401k plan is the cornerstone to retirement. Gone are the days of big company and school district annual pensions and generous social security benefits. It’s now up to you to plan and save for retirement. In addition to all the expenses that go with it. Luckily, a Roth 401k or Traditional 401k is a fantastic tool. One of the best that you can use to save for your retirement and goals. However, there is a lot to understand about how they work and how to use the 401k for your best outcome.

A little background

The purpose of the 401k plan is to save for retirement. Currently (as of 2025), an employee can contribute $23,500 of their own money to their account and an additional $7,500 if they are over 50 years old per year. Some plans also allow for you to contribute to a Roth 401k. Many people wonder if this may be a better option for them. We’ll explore the key differences between a Roth 401k or a Traditional 401k so you can make a confident decision.

The Roth 401k

The Roth 401k is a relatively new concept. It was introduced in 2001 for the purpose of allowing employees to take taxes now and forever shield the gains from tax. Many people see the benefits of contributing to the Roth 401k. However, some are hesitant as to whether the traditional tax-deferred 401k will still be better for them because of its favorable tax deferral.

The money you add to the Roth is still considered income. You will be taxed on that amount. Once your savings in the account have been taxed at your regular income level, it will grow tax-free. Then, when you take money out of it, that will also be tax-free.

This is a great option if you do not want to pay extra tax in your retirement. Also, good if you are in a lower tax bracket than you expect to be in the future.

Example

As an example, if you contribute $25,000 to your Roth 401k at the 22% tax bracket, you will still pay $5,500 as a part of your tax bill. Let’s say if you contribute $25,000 annually for 10 years at a rate of 8%, you would be the owner of an account that has $362,164 completely tax-free! The benefit of having a Roth is that you will never pay taxes on the gains that you make in the account. If your account is still around for your heirs, they will not have to pay any tax either!

Having this option will allow you to grow your money . Addtionally, you will not have to worry about paying extra taxes. It is important to note that your employer does NOT match your contribution on a Roth basis if you do. They will continue to match your contribution, but it will only be in traditional tax-deferred dollars.

Let’s say your company matches you 3% of your salary. If you are in the plan and make $100,000, you will be contributing $3,000 each year into your Roth 401k. Plus, your company will contribute $3,000 to the traditional 401k. They will be in the same account but will be accounted for separately by the administrator of the company 401k plan. When you are deciding, if you can afford to do the Roth 401k, you absolutely should.

The Traditional 401k

The traditional 401k allows an employee to defer their income of what they contribute. That means if you made $100,000 and decided to contribute $25,000 to your 401k, you will only have to report $75,000 to the IRS. This is because you “deferred” your income into the account. Once you retire and withdraw that money, you will have to pay the income that you “realized” at the tax rate you are at when you withdraw.

The advantage of the traditional 401k is that you get to defer your income and save it while it grows in your account. When you retire, you may move your traditional 401k to an IRA. As an example, you made $170,000 as a married couple. At $170,000, you are pushed into the 24% tax bracket (over $168,450 Married Filing Jointly). But because you understand the 401k can defer your income, you decide to defer $15,000 into the account, dropping you out of the 24% bracket and into the 22% bracket, which saves you money!

The traditional 401k is best if your cash flow is tight. It is extremely important to save for your retirement. You should always save 10% or more of your salary as a rule of thumb. When you save on taxes, you will be saving yourself money.

Example

Here is an example that will illustrate how your contributions of $20,000 affect your cash flow.

Here we can see with a salary of $100,000 we cannot defer any money from taxes if we contribute $20,000 into the Roth 401k. Our total taxes at 24% will be $24,000 for the year. If we contribute $20,000 to the traditional 401k, we will defer that money from taxes, so only $80,000 will be taxed at 24%. At the end of the year, using the traditional will save us $4,400, which is $367 per month. If that money is needed for your cash flow, do the traditional. If you can take the hit now on taxes, you should do the Roth 401k.

Which one is best for me?

You are weighing now versus later. If you are just starting out in your career and are in the lower tax brackets you should contribute to the Roth 401k. At the end of the year, you will have a bigger tax bill from Uncle Sam because you recognized all of your Roth contributions. Have no fear! Your Roth retirement account will grow tax-free all the way up until you retire. Plus, all the gains that you have made throughout those years will be tax-free as well!

If you have a good handle on your cash flow, you should contribute to the Roth 401k. If cash flow is an issue you can use the traditional 401k to lower your tax bill. You get to defer that income and save it in a tax-deferred account that will grow. Once you take money out of the account, you will have to pay income tax on it. This can be quite advantageous if you are at the top of your career and at the higher tax brackets. If you believe that you will be in a lower bracket when you retire, the traditional is your best bet.

The Backdoor Roth IRA

People want to enjoy deferring their income to save on taxes but also want the ability to have a Roth account that they can draw from tax-free in retirement. Many people close to retirement are looking at all the taxes they have saved in their accounts and now see a huge dollar sign going to the government every time they take money out for their retirement expenses.

The Backdoor Roth IRA allows a person to continue to defer their income through their 401k, but also contribute $6,000 (plus $1,000 if over 50) per spouse into a Roth IRA. A married couple can contribute up to $14,000 each year to Roth IRAs. If this planning technique is done for 5 – 10 years before retiring, this would give a retiring couple a substantial tax-free account.

Example

As an example, if a married couple were to contribute the max amount of $14,000 for 10 years. Assuming a yearly return of 8%, they would have $202,811.87 of assets that would never be taxed again! The benefit of a Roth is also that there are no Required Minimum Distributions as there are with a traditional account. If a married couple paired the backdoor Roth IRA with the 401k plan, they would have an effective diversification of their tax accounts, which would be very helpful in retirement.

This is a complex planning strategy. It is important to work with a financial advisor who understands your objectives and will help you leverage your current situation to help you meet your expectations.

The Bottom Line

If you can stomach the tighter cash flow and you suspect that you may be in a higher tax bracket, the 401k Roth is best for you. If you are tight on cash flow and could use the extra money while also saving for your retirement, the traditional 401k is for you. Also, if you suspect to be in a lower tax bracket in the future when you take out money, the traditional 401k is what you should choose.

The Backdoor Roth IRA is great for people who wish to save in a traditional 401k to take advantage of the tax deduction, but also want to grow a Roth IRA that will never be taxed. Using this mechanism, a single person could add $62,000 into a traditional 401k and $7,000 into a Roth IRA.

What’s next?

Interested in learning about the differences between an IRA and a 401k? Read up on that here. Still have questions? Please feel free to contact us! 719-394-3900- We offer free 30-minute consultations that can help answer many of your questions.

Differences Between an IRA and 401k

Posted on June 5, 2018December 20, 2024 by Brian Colvert

IRA vs 401k: What’s the Difference:

There are some common misconceptions about the difference between an IRA (Individual retirement account) and a 401k plan. While these two are very similar there are some distinct differences that make each unique.

Before we tackle the difference between an IRA and a 401k it’s important to note that these are not investments. They are simply accounts. Just because you have an account open does not mean you have an investment that will grow and help fund your retirement. Much the same way that just because you own a refrigerator doesn’t mean you actually have any food in it. You have to add to it.

To continue with this analogy… in your fridge, you can have a variety of different types of food (juice, pickles, eggs, beer, and anchovies- if you’re into that sort of a thing). In an IRA and 401k you can have different investments too. Such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, commodities, real estate, and more. You can also change or “throw out” the investments in your IRA or 401k if you’ve left them in the back of the fridge for too long. You know like that 3lb. jar of mayo you bought for that party that one time.

Now that you are hungry, let’s get to the dive-in.

Overview of an IRA vs. 401K:

You probably know fundamentally that saving for retirement is one of the single best things you can do financially. You don’t want to rely on social security, you don’t want to run out of money, you don’t want to be a financial burden to your children, and you want to enjoy your golden years. All great reasons to have a retirement plan! So which retirement plan is best for you?

Both IRAs and 401Ks have tax benefits and are among the most common defined contribution plans. The good news is that you don’t have to choose one over the other. To maximize your retirement savings, you can and should, if possible, contribute to both an IRA and 401k.

The key to note is that a 401k, named for the section of the tax code that discusses it, is an employer-based plan and an IRA is an individual retirement plan. Got it?

First up let’s look at how a 401K and IRA are alike.

The Similarities:

Both allow you to put money in on a tax-deferred basis. Meaning that taxes are not due at the time when you add money. For example, if you make $50,000 and decide to invest $2,000 of it into your IRA or 401k, the $2,000 is not going to be part of your taxable income.
Your money within an IRA or 401k can be invested in a variety of ways.
The money that is invested is allowed to grow tax-deferred. You do not have to pay taxes on the gains from your investments until you take the money out. If you make $1,000 off of your $2,000 investment, you now have $3,000 in your account and you will not have to pay taxes on that gain until you withdrawal the money.
When you do withdrawal the money for whatever amount it will be considered part of your taxable income. You will own taxes on the withdrawal amount. Let’s say you withdrawal the $2,000 and your current annual income is $50,000 after the withdrawal your taxable income will be $52,000.
Since an IRA and 401k are designed for retirement the money that you invest is not supposed to withdraw until after the age of 59 ½. You read that correctly -the government added in a half, well, because your inner 6-year-old knows it’s that important. If you withdraw the money prior to 59 ½ you will pay a 10% penalty on the money plus the amount withdrawn is now part of your taxable income.
Also, the government mandates that at age 73 you have to take out a Required Minimum Distribution (RMD). Basically, they tell you the amount that you must pay taxes on. Quick note, if you are still employed at age 73 and not the owner of the company you can delay your RMDs.

The Differences:

While an IRA and a 401k have many similarities, they do differ in a few very key areas. The main one is that an IRA is an Individual Retirement Account, so it is yours and yours alone. Anyone can have one. A 401k is company-sponsored, so you can only participate in it if your employer offers one. Some other key differences are:

Since a 401k is employer-sponsored, typically the employer will match a percentage of their employees’ contributions up to a certain limit or percentage. There is no option for this in an IRA.
Consequentially because a 401K is employer-sponsored your investment options are limited to what the employer offers. Whereas an IRA will allow you to have more variety in terms of stocks, bonds, real estate, etc.
Loan or hardship withdrawals are available for 401ks. However, IRAs generally do not permit loans or early withdrawals.
An IRA has certain income limits and a 401k does not.
Finally, the contribution limits are different and change from year to year. Feel free to give us a call to learn about the current years’ limits.

Difference Between an IRA and 401k- A Venn Diagram

Which is Right For You?

It depends really. If you have the option of putting your money into an employer-sponsored 401k or an IRA you should do both. Max them out if possible. We recommend prioritizing the 401k first especially if your employer offers a match and then adding to an IRA if you are within the income limits.

This hopefully gives you a good overview of the differences between an IRA and a 401k. While there are many factors to consider, the most important thing to remember is that both are great tools to use to help achieve your retirement goals.

Are you interested in learning about a Roth? We’ve got a great article here for you.

Have other questions? Please setup a call with us HERE!